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Hans-Erhard Lessing (Drais's biographer) found from circumstantial evidence that Drais's interest in finding an alternative to the horse was the starvation and death of horses caused by crop failure in 1816, the Year Without a Summer (following the volcanic eruption of Tambora in 1815). It was initially manufactured in Germany and France. Karl von Drais patented this design in 1818, which was the first commercially successful two-wheeled, steerable, human-propelled machine, commonly called a velocipede, and nicknamed hobby-horse or dandy horse. Drais invented his Laufmaschine ( German for "running machine") in 1817, that was called Draisine (English) or draisienne (French) by the press. The first verifiable claim for a practically used bicycle belongs to German Baron Karl von Drais, a civil servant to the Grand Duke of Baden in Germany. 19th century 1817 to 1819: The Draisine or Velocipede It is now thought that the two-wheeled célérifère never existed (though there were four-wheelers) and it was instead a misinterpretation by the well-known French journalist Louis Baudry de Saunier in 1891. A rider was said to have sat astride the machine and pushed it along using alternate feet. The célérifère supposedly had two wheels set on a rigid wooden frame and no steering, directional control being limited to that attainable by leaning. Later, and equally unverified, is the contention that a certain "Comte de Sivrac" developed a célérifère in 1792, demonstrating it at the Palais-Royal in France. Augusto Marinoni, a lexicographer and philologist, who was entrusted by the Commissione Vinciana of Rome with the transcription of Leonardo's Codex Atlanticus. However, the authenticity of the bicycle sketch is still vigorously maintained by followers of Prof. There are several early, but unverified claims for the invention of the bicycle.Ī sketch from around 1500 AD is attributed to Gian Giacomo Caprotti, a pupil of Leonardo da Vinci, but it was described by Hans-Erhard Lessing in 1998 as a purposeful fraud, a description now generally accepted. 3.2 Popularity in Europe, decline in US.2.7 The safety bicycle: 1880s and 1890s.2.5 1860s and the Michaux "Velocipede", aka "Boneshaker".2.4 1853 and the invention of the first bicycle with pedals "Tretkurbelfahrrad" by Philipp Moritz Fischer.2.3 1830s: The Reported Scottish Inventions.2.1 1817 to 1819: The Draisine or Velocipede.